Q. What is autoanalyser?

Q. What is autoanalyser?

Ans: It is an instrument used for the estimation of various biochemical substances like glucose , enzymes, urea, cholesterol and proteins presents in the body fluids. Its working in controlled by a microprocessor.

Q. What is ultrasound imaging or sonography?

Ans :  It is based on the principle that when an electric potential is applied to the crystals of lead Zirconate, they get excited and start vibrating. These vibrations are the source of the production of ultrasound. These sound waves can’t pass through a vacuum. The ultrasound waves need a medium for propagation. The ultrasound waves can pass through the homogenous medium without any interruption till they reach a tissue or organ. From that tissue or organ, a part or the whole of ultrasonic wave is reflected back. These waves are received by the same leads zirconate crystals. When these ultrasonic waves reach the crystals, they are converted into the form of electric signal. This electric signal can be seen on an oscilloscope screen.

Q. What is computed tomographic scanning(CT)?

Ans: It is based on the application of x-rays. X-rays imaging is commonly used for the diagnosis of heart and lung diseases , for the detection of injuries and disorders of bones and joints, etc.

                Recently, the x-rays imaging is done with the help of computer tomographic scanning( CT) .In CT scanning a computer is used for reconstructing the image made by X-rays instead of being recorded directly on the photographic film. This technique is used for the diagnosis of the diseases of brain, spinal cord, chest, abdomen etc.

Q. What is pacemakers?

Ans: It is device implanted in the heart of patients for generating the heart beat. This is used when the heart beat drop to about 80-40 per minute due to any reason. This was first implanted by Chardack in 1960, It consists of a pulse generator and an electrode. The pulse generator is a sealed box containing lithium halide cells for providing  power for more than 10 years , and an electronic circuit to regulate the heart beat rate, etc. of the electrical impulse. The electrode is a fine metallic spring enclosed in a thin layer of biocompatible plastic . The electrode is connected to the pulse  generator  but its special tip remains in contact with interior of the right ventricles.

                                                                                                                                                                                                       

Toxicology

Q.what is toxicology?Described briefly about the environmental toxicology.

Ans: it is a branch of medical science that deals with the nature, properties, effects and the detection of poisons( Dubois and Geiling 1959). It is , therefore, the science of poisons.

         Environmental toxicology: it is an entirely new discipline which came into recognition in the year 1962. It is one of the most important sub-fierlds of toxicology. In recent years it has developed greatly because of-

1)      The extension use of industrial chemicals, pesticides and natural resources, 2)more intense utilization of urban, agricultural and recreational space and marine environments and 3) increased awareness of the hazards of chemical to wild life, domestic animals and man. In the past the principal emphasis has heen on human subjects and domestic animals.

Various agricultural chemicals or pesticides are the largest group of poisonous substances that are widely in use today. Pesticidws are of various types. These may be insecticides (killing insects),nematicides (killing nematodes), acaricides (killing mites), rodenticides (killing rodents), herbicides or weedicides (killing herbs and weeds), etc. Of all these pesticides, insecticides are the most numerous and most valuable. Initially insecticides have been developed by screening innumerable compounds that kill the pests. At that time scientists did not consider their properties and the consequences of their use. But now the necessity to usse insecticides hasforced the entomologists to study their properties and hazards they may cause to public.

            Two important factors defining environmental toxicology of pesticides are-1) among environmental pollutants pesticides are unique in that they are in minute quantities. 2) their effects are confined exclusively to biological systems.

Q.What is a population? Define population density, population growth rate, death rate, and natality.

Ans: population –it is defined as the collective group of organisms of a particular kind in the community. In other words, a population is all of the organisms of the same species living in a space.

POPULATION DENSITY: The size of a population in relation to a definite unit of space is termed population density. The density of a population depends upon the reproductive rate, birth rate, death rate, etc. The population density may change with the environmental conditions, food supply and many other factors.

Population growth rate:  it is the net result of  natality, mortality and dispersal from the group.

Growth rate:  the rate at which individuals are lost by death is called death rate or mortality rate.

Natality:  the rate at which new individuals are added to population by reproduction is called natality rate.

 Q. State the causes of increase of human population.

Ans; the followings are the causes for the increase of human population:-

            1)protection from nature: man contrructed houses so that he can protect himself from wild animals and natural calamities. Then he formed village towns and cities.

            2)Control of diseases: in olden days thousands of people died because of illness. But the development of medical sciences has protected them from such diseases.

            3)development of agriculture ; man needs foods for his requirements so he developed the technique to cultivate for producing more food. The animals are also used as food.

            4)transport:  with the development of transport system, the population is also increased food can can be transported to different parts with the development of transport system.

            5)storage condition: foods are not available at all times. If the storage condition is not available, the people will die of starvation . With the better storage conditions, the food could be available at all times.

Q. State the factors responsible for the growth of population.

Ans;     1) decline of child mortality.

            2) fall in death rate.

            3) average life span increases from 30 years to 50 years.

            4) control of various fatal diseases and epidemics.

            5) development of medical sciences.

            6)better sanitary condition.

Q. What are the consequences of over population?

Ans; over population hampers the development of a country . It also results in various socio-economic disturbances. It leads to number of not only national but also individuals family problems. Some of the consequences are given below-

            1)unemployment –more number of people means more jobs. If sufficient number of jobs are not available there will be unemployment.

            2)poverty- in a family if the members are more and the income is less, it becomes poor with the addition of every child, the poverty increases.

            3)food supply: if the population increases there will be shortage of food supply. Because the production of food does not increase at par.

            4)education problem: it becomes difficult for the government to provide education to all. Uneducated children cause problems to the society.

            5)hygienic condition: more people in a small area make the hygienic condition bad. If the hygienic condition bad, different diseases and epidemics will break out.

            6) housing problem: more people means more houses. It will not be possible on the part of the government to provide houses for every family.

            7)pollution: if there are more people , then there will be the problem of pollution.

Q. Describe briefly the various measures to control over population.

Ans: 1) To raise the age of marriage is the most effective means.

2)      Evils of large family and advantages of small family be emphasized through book, posters,etc.

3)      Methods of family planning should be explained to the people through radio, television, etc.                                                                                                                           

Q. what is tubectomy?

Ans: it is done in females. It is the process of removing a small segment of oviduct and lying the ends. In this case the ovum does not reach thr female reproductive opening and protiens of egg are dissolved. Such females tend to be obese.

Q. What is vasectomy?

Ans: the surgical removal of a segment of vas deferens from the male reproductive organ is called vasectomy. After this vasectomy the sperms would be present for a period of2 months.

Q. Why it is wrong to blame mothers for having given birth to a girl child?

Ans: during one reproductive cycle of a female, only one ovum is produced. This ovum contains only one x-chromosome. But the male products two types of sperms- one containing  x-chromosome and other containing  y-chromosome. So, the sex of the child is determined right at the time of fertilization. If a sperm with x-chromosome fuses the ovum, the zygote will develop into a female child. If the sperm with y-chromosome fertilizes the ovum , the zygote will develop into a male child . Therefore it is male who is more responsible for maleness or femaleness and not the female . So , it is wrong to blame the female for giving birth to a girl child.

Q. What is tissue culture?

Ans: it is the isolation of cells, tissue or organs of a plant and growing them in aseptic conditions on suitable medium containing a carbon source (sucrose).,hormones and essential nutrients.

Q. What is electrocardiograph?

Ans: it is an instrument for recording the electrical forces produced by the contraction and relaxation of heart muscles during cardiac cycle. It is put on the chest for recording the cardiac cycle. This technique was first used by EINTHOVEN. This instrument will give vital information about heart beat and the conditions of the heart muscles. Now a days, a more sophisticated instrument provided with multichannel monitors is available. This instrument not only gives the ECG (Electrocardiogram) but also the pressures at various chambers of the heart. It also can give other physiological data.

Q. What is electroencephalograph(EEG)?

Ans: it is the spontaneouselectrical activity of thr brain. It recorded by placing the electrodes on the scalp. It was first recorded ss

Competition and contestations in democracy

                                    Political science

                        Unit-III

Competition and contestations in democracy

Q1. Why do social groups have political competition and contestation among them?

Ans:- To capture political power in democracy.

Q2. How is politics influences indirectly by citizen in democracy?

Ans:- Through pressure group and movement while sharing power in democracy.

Q3. Why is power sharing constrained in democracy?

Ans:- Power sharing is constrained in democracy by the influence and pressure exerted to them by different social group pressure groups and movement.

Q4. Explain briefly the popular movement of Nepal in April 2006.

Ans:- It was the movement against the Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal by SPA(Seven Party Allience), Maoist insurgents and various other organization. They aimed at the establishment of democracy and popular control over the govt. from the king.

Q5.Why did the king gyanendra of Nepal leaves the palace in 2008?

Ans:- He was forced to leaved the palce in 2008 in order to establish a democratic republic and constituent assembly for drafting a constitution.

Q6.Who was choosen as the new Prime Minister of the interim govt. of Nepal by SPA in 2006?

Ans:- Siraja Prasad Koirala

Q7.”While making decision democracy usually involved conflict “ explain briefly?

Ans:- Democracy envolves through popular struggles. It is possible that some significant decisions may take place through consensus and may not involved any conflict. But it usually involves conflict between those groups who have exercise power and those who aspire for a share in power.

Q8.How can we resolved the conflict in democracy ?

Ans:- With the help of mass mobilization we can resolved the conflict in democracy .It has come from outside from the people.

Q9.How does spontaneous public participation become effective?

Ans:- With the help of organized politics the political part, pressure group and movement group.

Q10. State the important of popular struggles in democracy?

Ans:- 1)If there is conflict between two group who have exercised power and those who aspire for a share in power.

2)Mass mobilization can resolve conflicts in democracy. The resolution has come from outside from the people.

3)All the conflict and mobilization are based on  new political organization .There must be an element of spontaneity in such movements.

Q11.How do pressure groups and movement influences politics?(Give any 5 points)

Ans:- 1)Through information campaigning ,organizing meeting etc  they try to draw public attention and support for their goals.

(ii) Activities like strikes and disruption of govt. programmes are often organize by them.

(iii) Pressure group are either led or formed by leaders of political parties.

(iv) Sometime political parties grow out of movement.

Q12.What is pressure groups?

Ans:- Pressure group are those group which was formed by the people in order to achieve a common objective with common occupation, interest, aspiration that attempt to influence govt. politics.

Q13.What is a movement?

Ans:- Movement is a loose organization of people which influence politics indirectly by spontaneous mass participation eg Anti liquor movement.

Q14 What is sectional Interest Groups?

Ans:- Those groups which seek to promote the interest of a particular section of society is called sectional interest groups

Eg Trade Unions, professional bodies.

Q15.What is public Interest groups?

Ans:-  P.I.G are those groups which promote collective rather than sectional good. It aim to help group other than their own members,

Eg A group of people fighting against bonded labour.

Q16.What is the main concern of S.I.G?

Ans:- Betterment and well being of their members.

Q17.What is the basic principal of P.I.G?

Ans:- Social justice and social equality for the whole society.

Q18. Suggest the way of influencing the decision of the govt. in a democracy.

Ans:- Direct participation in competitive politics by forming political parties, contesting election and forming govt.

Q19.How can people influence the govt.?

Ans:- 1)It can influence indirectly by forming an organization.

(ii)Undertaking activities to promote their interest groups

Q20.What deepen the activity of a govt. in democracy?

Ans:- Pressure group and movement.

Q21. What is the difference between a political party and a pressure group?

Ans:- Pressure group is an organization that attempt to influence govt. politics whereas political party is a group of people who came together to wire election and hold powers in the govt.

Q22.Why do we called trade union as a SIG?

Ans:- They seek to promote the interest of their member only.

Q23.What is a Political Party?

Ans:- A group of people who came together to contest election and hold powers in the govt.

Q24.What is the most impt. institutions in a democracy?

Ans:- Political parties.

Q25What is the principal objective of political parties?

Ans:- To win power in the govt.

Q26What are the main component of a political party?

Ans:- i) The leaders

(ii) The active members.

(iii) The followers.

Q27. Write the role of political parties in competition and contestations?

Ans:- 1)To win power in the govt. is the main objective of political parties.

2)They try to persuade people and claim their policies are better than those of others.

3)They seek to implement these politics by winning popular support through elections.

Q28.What does a political party do?

Ans:- They contest election and hold political offices.

Q29.Write the function of political party?

Ans:- 1)In democratic countries election are held regularly. Political parties contest and fight in theses elections.

2)Every political party prepares its programmes and policies which is published in the election manifesto and distribute it to the people.

3)In parliamentary democracies the formation of a cabinet depends upon the parties in the house.

4)In making laws parties play a decisive role. But laws are debated and passed in the legislative.

5)Parties provide people access to govt. machinary and welfare schemes .

Q30.What will happened to election if political parties are not formed?

Ans:- 1)It will be very difficult for candidates to contest election.

(ii) Villagers also will not be united.

Q31. Who will act as opposition in the legislature?

Ans:- Those parties that cannot win majority in the legislature will act as opposition.

Q32.Why are political parties needed in democracy?(3 point)

Ans:- 1)Democracy cannot exist without political parties.

2)Govt. may be formed without political party but its utility will remain ever uncertain.

3)There will be no  accountability of the govt. and will not be responsible to the people.

4)Without political party there will be no representative govt.

Q33.What is directly related with the rise of political parties?

Ans:- It is directly related to the emergence of representative govt.

Q34.How many types of party system are there?

Ans:- There are three type of party system.

(i)                 Single party system (communist party –China)

(ii)               Bi –Pary system(democrate and republic-U.S.A and UK)

(iii)             Multi party system (Democrate and republic-India)

Q35.How did the govt. form in the multi party system?

Ans:- In this system ,the govt. is formed by various parties coming together in a Coalition.

Q36. Write some name of the coalition govt.

 Ans:-

(i)                 The national Democratic Alliance

(ii)               (The United Democratic Alliance

(iii)             The left Front

(iv)             UnitedProgressive Alliance

Q37. Why is it say that no party system is ideal for all country and all situations?

Ans:-

(i)                 It envolves over a long time,depending on the nature of the society

(ii)               Its social and regional division

(iii)             Each country develops a party system that is conditioned by its special circumstance.

Q38.Mention two point that a political party become a national party?

Ans:-

(i)                 A party that secures at least six percent of total notes in lok sabha.or Assembly election in four state

(ii)               A party  have to win at least four seat in lok sabha .

Q39.Name two types of political party of India

Ans:-

-National political party and regional party.

Q40.What are to kind of P.P that follow a federal system .like India?

Ans:-

(i)                 Parties that are present in one of the federal units.

(ii)               Parties that are present  in several or all units of the federation.

Q41.State two points that a party is recognized as a state party?

Ans:-

(i)                 A party that secures at least 6 percent of the total votes in an election to the state assembly of a state.

(ii)               A party have to win at least 2 seats in the state assembly election.

Q42. What is the difference between national parties and regional parties in India?

Ans:- National parties are those which influence all over the country while regional parties are those parties which influence and activities are restricted to particular state or region.

Q43. How many national political Party are there in India?

Ans:-

(i)                 Indian national congress(palm-1885)

(ii)               Bharatiya Janata Party(Lotus-1980)

(iii)             Bahujam samaj party(Elephant-1984)

(iv)             Communist Party of India-Marxist(hammer,Sickle and star-1964)

(v)               Communist Party of India(Ear of Coin and sickle 1925)

(vi)             National Congress Party(Clock-1999)

Q44.When was Indian national congress beaterly defeated in the first time?

Ans:-

In 1977 (Janata Dole) general election after the proclaimation of national emergency by Indira Gandhi.

Q45.Examine the policies and programme of Indian National Congress (I.N.C)

Ans:-The party sought to built a modern secular democratic republic in India under the leadership of Nehru, It support secularism and welfare of weaker section and minority .It also support new economics reforms.

Q46.Describe the ideology programme and policies of the B.J.P.

Ans:-

Ideology:  the B.J.P drow its ideology from India’s ancient culture and values, cultural nationalism, Hindustan is an important element of the party.

Policies and program: the B.J.P wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India. They also declare that they would reduce poverty.

Q47.When did the B.J.P form a govt. at the centre for the first time?

Ans:- After the election of 1996 B.J.P formed a govt. at the centre but it lasted for 13 days only. A more stable B.J.P govt. came to power in 1998 as the leader of National Democratic Alliance.

Q48.How does the B.J.P formed?

Ans:- It was formed in 1980 by revining the erstwhile Bharatya Jana Sangh. In 1980 the Jana Sangh group walked out of the Tanata party and formed a party which is known as BJP.

Q49.State the main objective of the BJP?

Ans:- 1)to build a strong modern India drawing inspiration from India ancient culture and

Value.

2)it wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India.

Q50.When did the BSP form? What is it main aim?

Ans:-

Bahujam samaj party was formed in 1984.Its main aim is to stands for the cause of securing the interest and welfare of the dalits and oppressed people.

Q51.How many seats secured by BSP in the Lok Sabha election in 2004?

Ans:- 19 seats

Q52.When and how was the CPIM formed?

Ans:- The CPI-M was formed in 1964. it believes in Marxism-Leninism and it supports socialism, secularism and democracy. It opposes imperialism and communalism.

            CPI-M is the party who broke ways from the CPI.

Q53.In which state CPI-M formed a govt. for a long time?

Ans:- In west Bengal the Party has been in power without a break for 30 yrs.

Q54.Why did CPI accepts the parliamentary democracy?

Ans:- In order to romote the interests of the working class, farmers and the poor.

Q55.What is the like of the NCP?

Ans:- Highofficers in govt. must be occupied by natural born citizens of the country.

Q56.Why the people tend to blame political parties/

Ans:- They tend to blame political parties for all that is wrong with our democracy and our political life.

Q57.Why have movements become very impt. In modern democracies?

Ans:- They remained the govt. the need and concerned of ordinary citizens different view and influence from different group may lead to a balance of power. They depened democratic forms of participation in politics. So, movement has started to play an impt. Role in politics or the betterment of ordinary citizen.

Q58.Name a regional party for other state which exist in Manipur in 2011.

Ans:- Trinamool congress